Island breeding and continental feeding: How are diet patterns in adult yellow-legged gulls influenced by landfill accessibility and breeding stages$
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We studied the diet of yellow-legged gulls, Larus (cachinnans) michahellis, at six colonies located at different distances from landfills during three breeding stages (territory establishment, pre-laying, and nesting periods) through the analysis of 1,192 pellets. Landfills were the foraging habitat most frequently used by gulls from all six colonies at all stages. Other terrestrial habitats were used with decreasing frequency as the breeding season advanced. Limited but consistent use was also made of the marine habitat. At each stage, landfill accessibility influenced the diet of the colonies, which showed both a varying degree of exploitation of landfills and a varying trophic niche width. We used principal components analysis (PCA) to assess diet variation patterns as the breeding season advanced as well as food accessibility parameters. The PCA revealed that gulls shift their diet toward a diet weakly diversified and increasingly centred on items from landfills and also showed that the diets of colonies were correlated with landfill accessibility and breeding stages.The shift in diet occurred earlier in the breeding season for colonies far from landfills compared to colonies near landfills. In light of these diet patterns, yellow-legged gulls appear to be strongly influenced by landfills; thus, the future closure of landfills is likely to have marked effects on yellow-legged gull population dynamics. Keywords: breeding stages, dependence on landfills, diet, food availability, Larus (cachinnans) michahellis, multivariate analysis.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".