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A multivariate analysis of bird species composition and abundance between crop types and seasons in southern Ontario, Canada

2001· article· en· W2543860342 on OpenAlexvenueaboutno aff
David Anthony Kirk, Céline Boutin, Kathryn E. Freemark

Bibliographic record

VenueEcoscience · 2001
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldEnvironmental Science
TopicAvian ecology and behavior
Canadian institutionsnot available
Fundersnot available
KeywordsCropHabitatWoodlandGeographyAgricultureWaterfowlWetlandGrowing seasonOrdinationAbundance (ecology)BiologyEcologyAgronomy

Abstract

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AbstractMany farmland bird species are declining in North America and Europe, yet there are few data documenting bird use of agricultural landscapes, especially in Canada. This information is needed in order to identify candidate factors contributing to declines. We examined the influence of crop type and adjacent habitat on birds in fields of four crop types in three southern Ontario counties during the 1988 breeding (May-July) and 1987 and 1988 migration (August-September) seasons, using canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). Crops included apple Malus spp. orchards in Norfolk, soybeans Glycine max in Essex, vineyards Vitae spp. in Niagara and corn Zea mays (maize) in all three counties. Bird assemblages differed between counties because corn in Norfolk had more adjacent wetlands and woodlands than those in Essex. During the breeding season (1988), significant habitat variables explaining variation in bird assemblages (in order of importance) were adjacent apple orchards, wetlands, and "other" wooded habitats and apple as the crop (as distinct from adjacent apple orchards). During migration, apple as the crop was most important, followed by crop type corn (distinct from adjacent corn), adjacent wetlands and adjacent other crops in 1988. Apple as the crop was most important, followed by grape as the crop (distinct from adjacent vineyards) and wetlands in 1987. Based on median vector distances in ordination space as a measure of the difference between breeding and migration periods, bird assemblages in soybean and corn in Essex changed most, while birds assemblages in apple orchards changed least, although differences were not significant among crops. Our results emphasize the importance of non-crop and crop habitats for birds during both breeding and migration seasons.RésuméPlusieurs espèces d'oiseaux typiques des milieux agricoles sont actuellement en déclin en Amérique du Nord et en Europe. Cependant, encore peu de données sont disponibles en ce qui a trait à l'utilisation des paysages ruraux par ces oiseaux, particulièrement au Canada. Cette information est nécessaire afin d'identifier les facteurs pouvant potentiellement contribuer aux déclins. L'analyse canonique des correspondances (ACC) a été utilisée afin d'examiner l'influence sur les oiseaux du type de culture et de l'habitat adjacent dans des champs de quatre cultures différentes. L'étude s'est déroulée durant la saison d'accouplement de 1988 (mai-juillet) et les saisons de migration de 1987 et 1988 (Août-Septembre) dans trois comtés du Sud de l'Ontario. Les cultures étaient des vergers (Malus spp.) dans le comté de Norfolk, des champs de soya (Glycine max) dans le comté d'Essex, des vignobles (Vitae spp.) dans le Niagara et des champs de maïs (Zea mays) dans les trois comtés. Les assemblages d'oiseaux diffèrent entre les comtés puisque les champs de maïs du comté de Norfolk ont davantage de tourbières et de boisés adjacents que ceux du comté d'Essex. Pendant la saison d'accouplement (1988), les variables de l'habitat expliquant de façon significative la variation des assemblages d'oiseaux étaient, en ordre d'importance : la proximité de vergers, de tourbières et d'autres habitats boisés, avec un verger comme culture (à distinguer des vergers adjacents). Pendant la migration de 1988, les variables les plus importantes étaient les vergers, les champs de maïs (à distinguer des champs de maïs adjacents) et les tourbières adjacentes, suivies des autres cultures adjacentes. En 1987, les vergers étaient plus importants, suivis des vignobles (à distinguer des vignobles adjacents) et des tourbières. En se basant sur les distances médianes des vecteurs dans l'espace d'ordination comme mesure de la différence entre les périodes d'accouplement et de migration, les assemblages d'oiseaux des champs de soya et de maïs du comté d'Essex sont ceux qui ont changé le plus, tandis que les assemblages d'oiseaux des vergers sont ceux qui ont changé le moins. Cependant, les différences entre les cultures n'étaient pas significatives. Les résultats soulignent l'importance pour les oiseaux des habitats cultivés et non cultivés durant les saisons d'accouplement et de migration.Key Words: Farmland birdsUse of cropsOntarioCanadaMots-clés: Oiseaux de milieux agricolesUtilisation des culturesOntarioCanada

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How this classification was reachedexpand

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Observational · Consensus signal: Observational
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.197
Threshold uncertainty score0.687

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.000
Science and technology studies0.0000.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0010.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.012
GPT teacher head0.219
Teacher spread0.207 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it

Classification

machine, unvalidated

Machine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.

The models applied no category: nothing in the taxonomy fit this work.
Study designObservational
Domainnot available
GenreEmpirical

How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".

Quick stats

Citations19
Published2001
Admission routes2
Has abstractyes

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