Brain-encysting parasites affect visually-mediated behaviours of fathead minnows
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Many populations of fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas Rafinesque) in northern Alberta, Canada, contain individuals with hundreds of trematode (Ornithodiplostomum ptychocheilus Faust) cysts on the surface of their brains. Most cysts are located on the optic tecta, a region known to play a role in integrating visual and motor stimuli, especially in schooling fish. We determined the effect of infection on visually-mediated behaviours of fathead minnows by evaluating host performance in an optomotor swimming task. Monitoring this task involved recording the time minnows spent following a spinning drum, onto which alternating black and white stripes had been painted. After controlling for host activity and host size, minnows containing an average of 18 (low-intensity) or 98 larvae (high-intensity) reduced their time spent following the spinning drum by 42% and 26%, respectively, compared to uninfected controls. Low-intensity minnows also took longer than controls to respond to a change in the direction of the spinning drum. Reduced optomotor performance has the potential to affect a host’s ability to detect and respond to prey, predators and conspecifics.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".