An Efficient, High Performance and Low-Cost Energy Recovering Hydrostatic Linear Actuator Concept
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Hydrostatic or closed-circuit pump-controlled hydraulic systems are attractive due to their high energy efficiency; their lack of throttling losses and ability to recover energy onto the pump shaft have made them a common design choice in systems using rotary actuators such as ground drive transmissions. However, the natural asymmetrical flow of typical hydraulic cylinders have prevented the widespread adoption of closed-circuit systems for linear actuators. Some hydrostatic linear actuator systems have been developed, but these suffer from a large dead volume and reduced force if using a symmetrical dual rod cylinder, or increased cost and complexity if using a specialized cylinder geometry or flow balancing circuits. This paper presents a concept system which uses a pair of common single-rod hydraulic cylinders to achieve the efficiency of a pump-controlled hydrostatic system with the opportunity for energy recovery. The system’s available force is equal to a standard valve-controlled system with a greater maximum velocity. This is achieved using only commercially-available components. The paper will present an analysis of the theoretical energy recovery potential over a representative work cycle for a hydraulic excavator. It will also present a controller design analysis and experimental verification.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".