Real-time, 45 MHz, split-aperture phased array beamformer with efficient sign coherence grating lobe suppression
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A digital variable sampling high-frequency beamformer implementing real-time grating lobe suppression is described. The system is tested using a semi-kerfed 64 element 45 MHz phased array with 1λ element pitch. The grating lobe suppression is facilitated with the sign coherence factor (SCF) and split-aperture transmit beamforming techniques. A new split-aperture transmit technique called “sub-aperture probing” (SAP) is described, experimentally validated, and compared to previously developed split-aperture techniques with respect to grating lobe suppression. Grating lobe levels were suppressed to be 49 and 60 dB below the main lobe when using 2 split-apertures with a SCF weighting factor of 1 and 2. These levels were further suppressed to 51 and 66 dB below the main lobe when splitting the aperture into 4 evenly sized apertures. When using SAP with 16 elements for the sub-aperture, grating lobes were suppressed to 49 and 64 dB below the main lobe. SAP with 8 elements yielded improved results compared to SAP with 16 elements; suppressing grating lobe levels to 49 and 65 dB below the main lobe for the associated SCF weighting coefficients. Finally the grating lobe suppression performance was tested on a wire target embedded in a tissue phantom and the signal to tissue speckle levels were characterized.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".