Displacement-Dependent Earth Pressures on Rigid Retaining Walls with Compressible Geofoam Inclusions: Physical Modeling and Analytical Solutions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A rigid nonyielding retaining structure needs to be dimensioned to have adequate stiffness, such that it can resist mobilized lateral earth pressures. This corresponds to the at-rest condition, as there are, in general, negligible lateral deformations in the backfill. Measures that can mobilize higher soil shear strength and reduce lateral thrust are therefore sought to provide a more efficient design. The present study investigates the possibility of inserting compressible geofoam panels against rigid walls using physical model testing. Controlled yielding is allowed in the backfill with the occurrence of deformations in the geofoam. The mobilized earth pressures vary from the maximum at rest, to the intermediate, and finally to the minimum full active state depending on the magnitude of displacement. The effects of geofoam thickness and stiffness on lateral earth pressure reduction are explored. The measured pressure and displacement distributions form a comprehensive reference for use in calibrating design methods. Two analytical solutions are presented and compared with experimental data to evaluate their ability to calculate displacement-dependent lateral earth pressures.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".