The Biology of Canadian Weeds: 155. <i>Panicum miliaceum</i> L.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Proso millet, Panicum miliaceum L. (Poaceae), has been a crop in Asia and Europe for 10 000 years and for over 300 years in Canada, where it is grown for grain, rescue crops, birdseed, forage, and recently for swath grazing. Crop-like biotypes have escaped from cultivation throughout Canada, but these infestations were generally temporary. Probably the first persistent, weedy biotype in Canada (Quebec) has large, dormant, dark red seeds. Its eradication has been attempted for many years. In the 1970s, a worse problem, a black-seeded biotype with many weedy attributes, including shattering as seeds ripen and strongly dormant seeds distasteful to many birds, spread across southern Ontario and became labelled as noxious. Concurrently, it was described as the worst weed in the US Corn Belt. In the 1980s, Canadian studies revealed infestations of other weedy biotypes, differing in seed colour and other attributes. Panicum miliaceum is an extremely variable species world-wide. Since the late 1990s, weedy proso millet has declined dramatically after the adoption of newer herbicides, particularly glyphosate. This development may lead to increases in cultivated proso millet, especially where climate change favours short-season crops grown under drier conditions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".