Millennials in Canada: Young Workers in a Challenging Labour Market
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The cohort of young workers born between 1980 and 1995 has been given a wide range of labels by various authors and commentators, including “Millennials” (Strauss and Howe 1991), “Generation Y” (Johnson and Johnson 2010),“Gen Me” (Twenge 2006), “Nexters” (Zemke et al. 2000), “the next great generation” (Howe and Strauss 2000), and the “nexus generation” (Barnard et al. 1998). In recent years, they have earned an unfortunate new moniker: “generation screwed” (Girod and Shapiro 2012). This epithet conveys an image of a generation facing an uncertain future with bleak prospects of quality permanent employment, rising levels of personal debt, and an inability to maintain the quality of life afforded by their parents (Carbone and Cahn 2014). The current narrative in the mass media and popular press suggests that despite high levels of education and technological skills, Millennials across the developed world are plagued by high levels of unemployment and underemployment (Foster 2012). If this characterization is correct, persistent high unemployment rates could create social and economic problems such as long-term (structural) unemployment, widespread low-quality jobs, and a loss of confidence among young workers (ILO 2013).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".