Plane-wave imaging of in utero mouse embryo at 18 MHz
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Plane-wave imaging methods allow for high-speed image capture at a time interval equal to round trip acoustic propagation. Plane-wave imaging is ideally suited for cardiovascular imaging where fine-temporal resolution can reveal important information about cardiac mechanics and blood flow patterns. While plane-wave imaging has been demonstrated in humans for cardiovascular studies, its use in mouse models lags because instrumentation is not yet widely available at appropriate ultrasound frequencies. Thus, the amount of functional information that can be mined from mouse models of cardiovascular disease is limited. Here, an 18-MHz linear-array probe was used to acquire plane-wave data at a frame rate of 10 kHz from an in utero, E14.5 mouse embryo. The probe had 128 elements, 1.5 mm elevation aperture, and 8-mm elevation focus. The mother was placed supine on a heated mouse imaging platform, and then, a series of 2D + time data sequences were captured. The data were beamformed using standard delay-and-sum methods, and then, vector flow estimates were obtained at each pixel location using a least-squares, multi-angle Doppler analysis approach. Although not optimally suited for imaging mouse embryos, the 18-MHz data clearly revealed blood flow patterns in the liver, heart, and umbilical cord.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".