Cognitive-behavioural therapy for generalized anxiety disorder : examining the patterns of symptom change and the role of intolerance of uncertainty
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is characterized by excessive worry and somatic symptoms of anxiety (e.g., restlessness, muscle tension) ( DSM-IV-TR , 2000). Although efficacious treatments have been developed, little is known about the nature and predictors of symptom change during treatment. Dugas and colleagues have developed a cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) for GAD which has been found to be efficacious in reducing worry and somatic anxiety in pre-to-posttreatment analyses (e.g., Dugas et al., 2010). This CBT is based on a cognitive model (Dugas et al., 1998) which implicates intolerance of uncertainty in the development and maintenance of GAD. The first goal of this study was to examine the nature of GAD symptom change during CBT. The second goal was to examine the role of intolerance of uncertainty, and its two component factors, in GAD symptom change. The results indicated that there was a bidirectional relationship between changes in worry and changes in somatic anxiety during treatment. In addition, intolerance of uncertainty was found to partially mediate GAD symptom change over time. However, different mediational roles were identified for the two factors, which represent distinct sets of beliefs about uncertainty. Specifically, Factor 2 (i.e., Uncertainty is unfair and spoils everything), was a stronger mediator of GAD symptom change than Factor 1 (i.e., Uncertainty has negative self-referential and behavioural implications). The theoretical and clinical implications of these findings are discussed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".