Change in pain status in children with cerebral palsy
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Aim To identify factors associated with a change in pain over time in children with cerebral palsy (CP). Method Pain was assessed at two time‐points by physicians and caregiver‐rated Health Utilities Index 3 (HUI3) pain scores. Results One hundred and forty‐eight children out of 179 approached from outpatient clinics (83% response; 104 males, 44 females mean age 8y 8mo, range 3y–16y) across all Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) levels were included. Fifty‐five percent had changes in caregiver‐reported HUI3 pain. A backward stepwise multiple linear regression retained HUI3 pain score at visit 1 and GMFCS level (F[2,144]=23.40, R2=0.35; p<0.001) as variables associated with a change in pain status (HUI3 pain at visit 1: β=0.61, p<0.001; GMFCS level: β=−0.17, p<0.015). The association between HUI3 pain at visit 1 and GMFCS level was significant (β=−0.15, p<0.036). There was an association between pain etiology and pain trajectory (F[3,144]=5.39, p=0.002). Post‐hoc testing revealed musculoskeletal pain had the greatest improvements compared with the no pain group (p=0.006). Interpretation Children with CP with more severe initial pain and higher gross motor function have lower pain at follow‐up indicating an improvement in pain status over time.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".