Increased Sodium Intake Is Not Associated with MS Activity or Progression in BENEFIT (S37.002)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: A high-salt diet worsens EAE, a murine MS model involving interleukin-17 producing helper T-cells, which in turn can be activated in vitro with high salt concentrations. The only human study relating salt intake to MS activity used a single urine sample, which does not adequately reflect long term salt intake. Objective: To assess whether a high-salt diet, as detected by measuring urinary sodium (Na) concentration, is associated with faster conversion from clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) to MS and MS activity and progression. Methods: BENEFIT was a randomized trial comparing early versus delayed interferon beta-1b treatment in 465 patients with a first event suggestive of MS (CIS). Each patient provided a median of 14 (IQR: 13 to 16) spot urine samples semi-annually throughout the 5-year follow-up. We estimated 24-hour Na excretion level at each time point using the Tanaka equations, and assessed whether Na levels estimated from the cumulative average of the repeated measures were associated with clinical (conversion to MS, EDSS) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) outcomes. Results: Average 24-hour Na levels were not associated with conversion to clinically-definite MS over the 5-year follow-up (hazard ratio [HR]=0.92; 95[percnt] CI: 0.78-1.09 per 1000mg increase in estimated daily sodium intake); nor were they associated with clinical or MRI outcomes (new active lesions after 12 months HR: 0.98; 95[percnt] CI 0.94-1.03; relative change in T2 lesion volume: -0.08; 95[percnt] CI -0.23-0.05; change in EDSS: 0.02; 95[percnt] CI: -0.03-0.06; time to first relapse HR: 0.91; 95[percnt] CI: 0.77-1.08). Results were similar in categorical analyses using quintiles. Conclusions: Our results, based on multiple assessments of sodium excretion over 5 years and standardized clinical and MRI follow-up, suggest that salt intake does not influence MS disease course or activity.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.010 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".