1564 Effects of condensed tannins on the ensiling and aerobic stability of purple prairie clover (Dalea purpurea Vent.) silage
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Effects of condensed tannins (CT) on ruminal fermentation have been well documented, whereas little information is available on the effects of CT on ensiling. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of CT on ensiling and aerobic stability of whole-plant purple prairie clover (PPC) silage. The PPC contained approximately 55 g CT/kg DM, was harvested from 3 plots at the flowering stage, and was wilted in the field to DM of 35%. Forage was chopped to a theoretical length of 5 cm, divided into 2 portions, and ensiled without (Control) or with polyethylene glycol (PEG) in PVC laboratory silos (5/treatment). The PEG specifically inactivates the biological activity of CT. The silos were opened after 76 d of ensiling and the silage was subsampled for chemical characterization as well as assessed for aerobic stability over 14 d. Compared with PEG treated silage, Control silage had higher (P < 0.001) pH (5.02 vs. 4.61) and water soluble carbohydrates (2.40 vs. 0.26 g/kg DM) but contained less lactic acid (52.6 vs. 79.9 g/kg DM; P < 0.01), propionic acid (0.17 vs. 0.85 g/kg DM; P < 0.05), soluble N (0.29 vs. 0.40 g/kg DM; P < 0.01), NPN (0.35 vs. 0.44 g/kg DM; P < 0.01), ammonia N (2.7 vs. 3.3 g/kg DM; P < 0.01), and ochratoxin A (10.0 vs. 40.0 μg/kg DM; P < 0.01). Both silages had similar (P > 0.05) concentrations of total VFA, acetic acid, and deoxynivalenol. These results indicate that CT in PPC reduced protein degradation and decreased the activity of both lactic acid– and ochratoxin A–producing microorganisms. After 14 d of aerobic exposure, internal temperature of PEG-treated silage started to rise 12 h earlier than that of Control silage. This suggests that CT decreased microbial activity and improved the aerobic stability of PPC silage. This study demonstrated that plant CT could be used to improve silage quality by decreasing protein degradation and the activity of mycotoxin-producing microorganisms while improving the aerobic stability of silage.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".