Bibliographic record
Abstract
In recent years many Australian economists have advocated a policy of gearing wages to productivity or output per man. To give but one example, Downing and Isaac recommend that the Commonwealth Conciliation and Arbitration Commission “anticipate a steady annual increase in productivity of, say, something over 2 per cent and, on the basis of this, … grant automatically every quarter a cumulative increase in all award wages of ½ per cent.” 1 Assuming constant export and import prices, and constant indirect tax rates, gearing wages to productivity will lead to stable prices if, and only if, profits are proportional to wages, i.e. only if wages are a constant proportion of gross national product at factor cost. Consequently, there has been considerable discussion, before the Commission and elsewhere, about whether or not Australian social accounts show wages as a constant proportion of gross national product. Almost all of this discussion has been based on figures for the proportions of wages and profits in the economy as a whole, or in the whole economy excluding certain industries. Moreover, profits have been defined as the gross operating surpluses of both incorporated and unincorporated enterprises. For example, Hawke, in arguing before the Commission that there had been a drift to profits, pointed out that in total in all industries excluding primary production, mining and quarrying, the share of wages fell from 65 per cent in 1953/54 to 61 per cent in 1963/64. 2 Those who believe that there has not been a drift to profits also look at aggregate figures, though excluding more industries than Hawke does. Hall, in the Australian Financial Review, after arguing that certain industries should be excluded, considered the rest of the economy and found that over the same period “the share of wages in domestic product … did not fall but rose slightly from 64.8 per cent to 65.1 per cent”. 3 These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".