Disparities in Kidney Transplantation Access among Korean Patients Initiating Dialysis: A Population-Based Cohort Study Using National Health Insurance Data (2003-2013)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The socioeconomic status of a person has an impact on his or her access to kidney transplantation as has been reported in western countries. This study examined the association between income level and kidney transplantation among chronic kidney disease patients undergoing dialysis in South Korea. METHODS: We analyzed data from 1,792 chronic kidney disease patients undergoing dialysis and listed in the Korean National Health Insurance Claim Database (2003-2013). The likelihood of receiving the first kidney transplant over time was analyzed using competing risk proportional hazard models on time from initiating dialysis to receiving a transplant. RESULTS: Of 1,792 patients on dialysis, only 184 patients (10.3%) received kidney transplants. Patients with medical aid had the lowest kidney transplantation rate (hazard ratio 0.29, 95% CI 0.16-0.51). A lower income level was significantly associated with a low kidney transplantation rate, after adjusting for covariates, compared to patients in the high-income level group. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that in South Korea, the total number of kidney transplants is remarkably low and there exists income disparity with regard to access to kidney transplantation. Thus, we suggest that plans be implemented to encourage organ donation and increase organ transplant accessibility for all patients irrespective of their socioeconomic status.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".