1580 Effects of feeding canola meal or wheat dried distillers' grains with solubles alone or in combination as the major protein sources on ruminal function and production in dairy cows
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Canola meal (CM) is a good-quality protein supplement that is readily available and is used extensively in dairy cow diets in Canada and the United States. On the other hand, major growth of the ethanol industry in western Canada has resulted in large quantities of wheat dried distillers' grains with solubles (WDDGS) being available as an alternative protein supplement for dairy cows. Canola meal is an excellent source of limiting essential AA (e.g., lysine, histidine), whereas WDDGS has a greater CP content but is a poorer source of lysine; therefore, it is reasonable to consider that a judicious combination of CM and WDDGS as protein supplements may provide an optimal profile of essential AA that would improve milk production. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of feeding CM or WDDGS alone or in combination as the major sources of protein on ruminal fermentation characteristics and production in dairy cows. Fifteen lactating dairy cows (697 ± 46 kg BW and 76 ± 16 d in milk at the beginning of the experiment) were used in a replicated 5 × 5 Latin square design with 28-d periods (20 d of dietary adaptation and 8 d of measurements). Five cows in one Latin square were ruminally cannulated to facilitate ruminal sampling. The dietary treatments were 1) 100% CM as the major protein supplement, 2) 75% CM and 25% WDDGS, 3) 50% CM and 50% WDDGS, 4) 25% CM and 75% WDDGS, and 5) 100% WDDGS. Diets were isonitrogenous (17.6% CP) and were fed as TMR containing 50% forage and 50% concentrate. Dry matter intake (mean = 30 kg/d) was unaffected by diet. Milk production (40.4, 41.0, 41.2, 40.4, and 40.2 kg/d for the 100, 75, 50, 25, and 0% CM diets, respectively) was unaffected by diet. Milk composition was unaffected by diet; however, milk urea nitrogen linearly decreased (P= 0.05) as the dietary proportion of CM decreased. Ruminal pH and concentrations of total and individual VFA were unaffected by diet. These results show that when dairy diets are formulated to contain 17.6% CP, CM or WDDGS can be fed alone or in combination as the major sources of protein and can support similar levels of milk production.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".