Positive cooperativity of CaSiO<sub>3</sub> and platinum‐tin catalyst in reaction of acetic acid to ethanol
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Catalytic hydrogenation of acetic acid to ethanol was investigated in a fixed‐bed micro‐reactor with calcium silicate‐modified platinum‐tin catalyst at mild reaction condition. The modified catalyst exhibited excellent performance for the ethanol synthesis process at relatively low pressure. According to the results of H 2 ‐pulse chemisorption experiments, the introduction of calcium silicate promoted the dispersion of platinum particles. The NH 3 ‐TPD and H 2 ‐TPR results showed the decrease of acid content on catalyst surface and the enhancement of reducibility after the CaSiO 3 modification. Additionally, the results of XPS indicated that Sn (0) was emergent and Pt (2+) was sharply decreased after reduction. Both the H 2 ‐TPR and XPS results supported the formation of Pt‐Sn alloy during the reduction process at 623 K. The Pt‐Sn alloy changed the electron density and benefited the free hydrogen dissociation and hydrogenation. The enhancement of reaction temperature and pressure both promoted acetic acid conversion. The kinetic model of power‐function type was established to describe the process of hydrogenation. The results of residual analysis confirmed that the raised kinetic model for acetic acid to ethanol reaction was suitable.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".