Lighting Up: The Rise of Social Smoking on College Campuses by Mimi Nichter. New York: New York University Press, 2015. 272 pp.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
William Adams has undertaken a comparative examination of the roots and legacies of "Indian" policy throughout the Americas since Columbus.Attempting this survey in 300 pages was very ambitious.Adams makes clear in his preface that this is a "study of the evolution of European and Euro American thought" (p.xi) and, moreover, that "the Indian voice will rarely be heard in these pages" (p.xii).Adams fulfills these promises and may find an audience with likeminded scholars.Across space and time, Adams considers in some detail the reasons indigenous peoples were and are considered "inferior" (from religion to technology to sociopolitical organization) and liberally employs the terms primitive and warlike to describe his subjects.In a bizarre twist, he also lays out a scenario considering both the Ottoman and Chinese empires as potential colonizers of the Western Hemisphere.Consequently, this volume furthers the "Master Narrative" in that indigenous peoples of the Western Hemisphere are presented as rather passive observers in their own inevitable demise.Apparently, it was a foregone conclusion they would be conquered, assimilated, oppressed, dispossessed, enslaved, and condemned to untimely deaths-although more attention is paid to their potential value as labor (slaves and debt peonage) than to the demographic disasters following contact.The book begins with the "Discovery of America" (p. 1) and is divided into four sections: "The Colonial Powers," "Postcolonial Programs in Latin America and Canada," "The United States Programs," and "The Great Issues" (which restates many of the opinions and conclusions from previous sections).Readers who wish to fact check or follow up on some of Adams's more provocative statements will find very few citations.For example, in Appendix B ("Notes on Sources"), Adams reveals he relied partially on encyclopedia articles (including Encyclopedia Britannica) for background material.The most robust sections of the book deal with US
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.047 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".