Effect of Heat Source Geometry on the Transient Heat Transfer During Melting Process of a PCM
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Thermal energy storage (TES) systems using phase change materials (PCMs) are used in various engineering applications. TES is a means by which heat is ‘hold’ for a certain period of time for use at a later time. We report an experimental study which was conducted to investigate the melting process and associated heat transfer in a rectangular chamber with a cylindrical u-shaped heat source imbedded inside the PCM. The results showed that geometry and orientation of the heat source immensely influenced the heat transfer behavior during solid-liquid phase transition. The heat transfer behavior, interface movement and the heat transfer coefficients differed both axially and vertically inside the chamber as well as with the melting rate. The local convective heat transfer coefficient, hlocal in the inner region, enclosed by the U-tube, was observed to increase at a higher rate than the outer region. Stronger convective flow and a lower viscosity owing to higher temperature in the inner region is believed to have caused faster melting in this region. The melting rate was also found comparatively higher until approximately two-third of the PCM volume was melted before the rate declined.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".