0463 Effect of lipid supplementation and type of lipid on fatty acid composition of the ruminal epithelium and short-chain fatty acid transport
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of lipid supplementation and the type of lipid on the fatty acid (FA) composition of the ruminal epithelium and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) transport. Twenty-one Holstein steers (194 ± 10.7 kg) were blocked by BW and randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatments differing in FA supply and composition. The control treatment (CON) contained 2.9% ether extract whereas the FA treatments contained 6.2% ether extract with the lipid coming from saturated (SAT; tallow and palmitic acid) or unsaturated sources (UNSAT; flax and Megalac). All calves were fed at 3% BW on a DM basis. After a 30-d feeding period, steers were killed and samples of the ruminal tissue were collected for FA analysis and to evaluate SCFA uptake and flux in Ussing chambers. Data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design using a mixed model with orthogonal contrasts to evaluate the effect of FA supplementation and the type of the FA supplement. There was a tendency for increased FA concentration in ruminal tissue for supplemented calves (P = 0.10), and SAT calves tended to have less FA than UNSAT (15.1 vs. 20.1 g/100 g; P = 0.06). Ruminal tissue from SAT had a tendency for greater monounsaturated FA (37.5 vs. 32.0; P = 0.08) and had less polyunsaturated FA (17.0 vs. 23.0; P = 0.03) than UNSAT. The changes in major FA classifications were largely due to an increase for C16:0 (25.2 vs. 24.2%; P = 0.02), decrease in C16:1 (1.65 vs. 10.32%; P = 0.02), and a decrease in EPA (0.19 vs. 0.38; P < 0.01) for SAT relative to UNSAT. Acetate uptake was not affected by FA supplementation (P ≥ 0.25), but providing supplemental FA increased propionate [0.61 vs. 0.37 nmol/(cm2 × min); P = 0.05] and butyrate uptake [0.82 vs. 0.45 nmol/(cm2 × min); P = 0.03)] by the ruminal epithelium. Moreover, feeding SAT increased butyrate uptake relative to UNSAT [1.06 vs. 0.59 nmol/(cm2 × min); P = 0.01)]. There was a tendency for an increase in propionate flux across the ruminal epithelium with FA supplementation [0.65 vs. 0.56 μ mol/(cm2 ×h)], but there were no differences between SAT and UNSAT. The results from this study indicate that providing supplemental FA may alter ruminal epithelial FA composition and enhance SCFA transport relative to non-supplemented calves.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".