Status of Hatchery-Origin Chum Salmon in the Bering Sea Deduced From Otolith Mark Recoveries
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Otolith marking is an effective tool for determining the hatchery origin of individual salmon in both high seas and coastal waters. Otolith-marked salmon are annually released from hatcheries in Canada, Japan, Korea, Russia, and the United States under the coordination of the North Pacific Anadromous Fish Commission (NPAFC). The total number of otolith-marked chum salmon released in 2003-2009 was approximately 4.8 billion juveniles (23% of the total hatchery releases in North Pacific Rim countries). Otolith samples were collected from chum salmon caught in the central North Pacific and Bering Sea by researchers aboard Japanese research vessels (Wakatake maru and Hokko maru) in the summer of 2006-2010. The samples (n=13,279) were examined to detect otolith marks, and hatchery origins were determined by referring to the NPAFC database of otolith mark releases, which is available at http://npafc.taglab.org. A total of 372 otolith-marked chum salmon was found in the Bering Sea, of which 352 (94.6%) fish were released from 11 hatcheries in northern Japan. The Japanese marked fish showed no hatchery-specific distribution, and most fish were distributed north of 55oN in the Bering Sea during July and early August (Fig. 1). Distribution patterns were slightly different between young fish (ocean age-1) and older fish and between immature and maturing fish that may reflect their specific migration routes (Urawa et al. 2009).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".