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Precision Measurement of the Boron to Carbon Flux Ratio in Cosmic Rays from 1.9 GV to 2.6 TV with the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station

2016· article· en· 331 citations· W2557804650 on OpenAlex· 10.1103/physrevlett.117.231102

Why is this work in the frame?

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

Canadian funderA Canadian agency funded it. The work may carry no Canadian affiliation at all.

No Canadian affiliation. An affiliation-only frame, the usual design, would never have seen this work. It is one of the works that make the case for inverting the frame.

Classifier prediction

metacan-v1-d91a1de5be90

Predictions imitate two machine teachers. Scores are not calibrated prevalence probabilities.

Classifier candidate
ObservationalBench or experimentalTheoretical or conceptualNot applicable
Classifier consensus
N/A
Teacher imitation scores

Codex

Observational0.058
Bench or experimental0.051
Not applicable0.028
Theoretical or conceptual0.026
Metaresearch0.001
Other design0.001
Simulation or modelling0.000
Bibliometrics0.000
Open science0.000
Qualitative0.000
Scholarly communication0.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.000
Systematic review0.000
Meta-analysis0.000
Research integrity0.000
Randomized trial0.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.000
Non-randomized trial0.000
Case report0.000
Science and technology studies0.000

Gemma

Bench or experimental0.076
Not applicable0.029
Simulation or modelling0.014
Observational0.005
Theoretical or conceptual0.001
Metaresearch0.001
Systematic review0.000
Qualitative0.000
Bibliometrics0.000
Meta-analysis0.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.000
Open science0.000
Randomized trial0.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.000
Scholarly communication0.000
Research integrity0.000
Science and technology studies0.000
Non-randomized trial0.000
Case report0.000

Machine scores (provisional)

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Opus teacher head0.011
GPT teacher head0.236
Teacher spread
0.225 how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation status
score_only:v0-immature-baseline verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it

Abstract

Knowledge of the rigidity dependence of the boron to carbon flux ratio (B/C) is important in understanding the propagation of cosmic rays. The precise measurement of the B/C ratio from 1.9 GV to 2.6 TV, based on 2.3 million boron and 8.3 million carbon nuclei collected by AMS during the first 5 years of operation, is presented. The detailed variation with rigidity of the B/C spectral index is reported for the first time. The B/C ratio does not show any significant structures in contrast to many cosmic ray models that require such structures at high rigidities. Remarkably, above 65 GV, the B/C ratio is well described by a single power law R^{Δ} with index Δ=-0.333±0.014(fit)±0.005(syst), in good agreement with the Kolmogorov theory of turbulence which predicts Δ=-1/3 asymptotically.

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