Realtime X-ray reflectometry to see changes at buried interfaces
Bibliographic record
Abstract
X-ray reflectometry is powerful in determining internal structure of multilayered thin films, such as thickness and density of each layer, as well as the roughness of surface and interfaces [1]. The measurement requires some precise angular scans near the critical angle with monochromatic parallel X-rays, and therefore it has not been thought that the technique is basically suitable to see changes. However, even without any angular scans, it is possible to obtain essentially the same data by using wide angular dispersion of the incident X-ray beam. The principle is basically known as Naudon's pioneering concept [2]. The system has been improved further by employing a monochroator, which was not used by Naudon's work. A multilayer monochromator was placed at very narrow limited space between a rotating anode X-ray source and the sample stage [3]. Use of a fast Si strip detector also contributed to improve the time-resolution. One can obtain an X-ray reflectivity curve with 4.5 decades even in 1 sec. It is possible to measure the curve down to 10-6, if 20 sec accumulation is allowed. Another advantage of the present instrument is fairly wide angular divergence, which ensures simultaneous data collection for 2 deg range. One of our recent successful applications of this method is the measurement of thermal expansion factor of the polymer thin film. It was also possible to see melting and freezing surfaces. In the presentation, such practical application will be demonstrated, in addition to the detailed description of our instruments.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".