Physical characterisation of soils recovered from the ANZAC battlefield
Bibliographic record
Abstract
As part of a unique tri-nation study to commemorate the centenary of the iconic First World War ANZAC battlefield, this paper summarises the results of a laboratory experimental investigation of some geotechnical and geophysical characteristics of soil recovered from this field in Gallipoli, Turkey. The geophysical characterisation of these samples comprises the determination of the dielectric properties, namely real, imaginary and dielectric dispersion, over a frequency band between 200 MHz and 6 GHz. This characterisation is performed at the samples’ in situ state as well as in a controlled range of water content from oven-dried to saturation. Specific frequencies pertaining to certain in situ geophysical applications and satellite surveys have been targeted as reference frequencies to study the dielectric data. Moreover, attenuation coefficients related to ground-penetrating radar applications are also estimated at 200 MHz for a range of water contents. Microstructure and mineralogy were examined by environmental scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction techniques, respectively. Given the historical and archaeological significance of the ANZAC battlefield, these results can be used for future feasibility studies, planning, and result interpretation of geophysical investigations, including choosing the most appropriate time of the year and geophysical prospection tools, in this restricted-access study area.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".