Blunted Non‐Shivering Thermogenesis in Obese Relative to Non‐Obese Adult Males
Bibliographic record
Abstract
PURPOSE/HYPOTHESIS It was hypothesised that obese (O) relative to non‐obese (N‐O) men would have a reduced non‐shivering thermogenesis (NST) response to mild cold exposure. METHODS: Four college‐aged N‐O males with 18.7 % body fat (BF) and 4 O males with 33.9% BF, both assessed by DEXA, volunteered for an SFU Office of Research Ethics approved study. Measures included oxygen consumption (VO 2 , mL/min/kg), rectal temperature (T RE ,°C), surface heat flux (HF, W m ‐2 ) and skin temperatures (T SK ,°C) on the right and left supraclavicular areas, chest, posterior shoulder, upper arm, abdomen and thigh. Surface electromyography (EMG) was used to assess the contributions of shivering thermogenesis (ST) and supraclavicular skin temperatures were assessed using a Forward Looking Infrared (FLIR) camera. After an overnight fast each volunteer, wearing only shorts, sat in a climatic chamber at 26°C for 90 min and then at 19°C for 90 min. RESULTS: The T RE in both groups remained at 36.73±0.64°C in the 26 and 19°C exposures. At 19°C the O had a lower mean T SK of 29.11±0.39°C relative to the N‐O mean T SK of 30.58±0.39°C (p < 0.05), a lower mean HF of 78.52±9.07 W m ‐2 relative to that of 97.05±4.38 W m ‐2 (p < 0.05) for the N‐O and a lower mean VO 2 of 2.24±0.59 mL/min/kg relative to that of 4.03±0.52 mL/min/kg (p<0.05) in the N‐O. The O supraclavicular HF of 82.64±26.59 W m ‐2 was lower than that of 115.69±16.76 W m ‐2 (p < 0.05) in the N‐O. FLIR imaging showed O supraclavicular T SK of 30.78±0.54°C was lower than that of 32.66±0.21°C (p<0.05) for the N‐O. CONCLUSION Despite lower skin temperatures and the same rectal temperature, O men appear to have lower NST relative to N‐O men and this suggests they have a lower brown adipose tissue activation during mild cold exposure. Supported by NSERC and CFI
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".