Ice-sculpted bedrock in channels of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Glaciers erode bedrock at all scales, from striations of millimetres in width through to the landscape-scale of U-shaped valleys and fjords. Glacier erosion processes include fine-scale abrasion and the fracture of larger rock fragments (e.g. Iverson 1990; Harbor 1992). These processes take place especially where high stress concentrations are present below rock particles held at the glacier bed beneath actively flowing ice that is at the pressure melting point. The rate and nature of bedrock erosion by ice is also dependent on the rock type involved, its joint structure at both macro- and micro-scales and the presence of water in any joints and cavities (e.g. Iverson 1991). Multibeam sonar imagery of rocky areas of the high-latitude seafloor often reveals streamlined bedrock landforms although metre-scale and smaller features, such as striations, gouges, chattermarks and p-forms (Dahl 1965; Benn & Evans 2010), are usually below system resolution. While much of the continental shelf surrounding the Canadian Arctic Archipelago has a thick cover of predominantly glacier-derived deposits (MacLean et al. 1990), the channels between islands also have extensive areas either dominated by bedrock outcrops or where bedrock protrudes through seafloor sediments (Fig. 1a–c). Even where bedrock …
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".