Temperature Distribution during Solidification of Saline and Fresh Water Droplets after Striking a Super-Cooled Surface
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract This paper presents an experimental investigation of the freezing process of fresh and saline water droplets impacted upon a supercooled surface. Freshwater solidification is a common and highly investigated phenomenon due to its application in the aircraft industry and power transmission lines. The freezing behavior of salt water, mostly encountered in marine vessels and offshore structures, is very complicated compared to fresh water due to the salt content. A comparative effort to analyze the difference and similarity between these two diverse forms are rare due to its application in contrasting industries. The present study correlates the differing ice accretion behaviors of salt and fresh water. The experiments involve the measurement of thermal distribution and physical spreading of fresh and saline water droplets as they strike and solidify on a super-cooled surface. The results show that presence of salt content in water affects the cooling time, splash area and cooling pattern for droplets. The new experimental data provides new insights on the fundamentals of sea water icing and is key to predicting marine icing in offshore arctic and sub-arctic environments.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".