Mitogenic action of hypoxia upon cutaneous neuroepithelial cells in developing zebrafish
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT In zebrafish, cutaneous neuroepithelial cells (NECs) contain serotonin (5‐HT) and are believed to initiate physiological and behavioral responses to hypoxia during embryonic and early larval development, when mature gills and O 2 chemoreceptors are not yet present. The number of skin NECs rapidly declines as embryos develop into larvae, but acclimation to hypoxia leads to retention of a greater number of these cells. We hypothesized that reduction of the partial pressure of oxygen ( P O2 ) in water would stimulate mitosis in cutaneous NECs in zebrafish. Zebrafish were exposed to 5‐bromo‐2′‐deoxyuridine (BrdU) and immunolabeled with antibodies against serotonin and BrdU to identify mitotic skin cells, including NECs. Cells were imaged and quantified using confocal microscopy. From embryonic to larval stages, we observed an overall increase in the number of BrdU‐positive cells in the skin, but a decrease in BrdU‐positive serotonergic NECs. Exposure of larvae to hypoxia ( P O2 = 30 mmHg) in vivo for 24 h produced a 1.7‐fold increase in the number of NECs labeled with BrdU. We conclude that under normal environmental P O2 the population of cutaneous NECs declines due to a decrease in mitotic activity. During environmental hypoxia, the number of NECs undergoing cell division in the skin is increased, and this promotes retention of NECs under these conditions. These data demonstrate the direct action of hypoxia upon the cell cycle of cutaneous NECs in developing zebrafish, and support the notion that cutaneous NECs are embryonic O 2 chemoreceptors. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 77: 789–801, 2017
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".