Effects of Temperature and Angular Velocity on Eccentric Force of an Intrinsic Thumb Muscle
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Temperature and velocity have significant effects on muscle contractile properties. For example, it is well known that changing angular velocity and altering muscle temperature can change the force-producing capacity of muscle. It is typically understood that with increasing shortening velocity and cooler temperature force decreases. However, the influence of temperature and angular velocity on force during lengthening contractions is less understood. The purpose of this study was to determine whether temperature and/or velocity has an effect on the eccentric to isometric force ratio of the adductor pollicis muscle in young males. Ten young (~25y) male subjects performed lengthening (0-40°) electrically-evoked contractions of the left adductor pollicis muscles at ~50% of maximum voluntary force at angular velocities ranging from 0-320°/s. This procedure was performed initially at room temperature (21˚C), and then repeated two more times after a 20min bath, first in a cold (15°C) water and then in a warm (43°C) water bath in order to change the muscle temperature. The eccentric to isometric ratio was significantly greater in the cold compared to the normal condition ( P 0.05). The eccentric to isometric ratio was significantly greater at 80, 160 and 320°/s ( P 0.05). Instantaneous stiffness was measured 1 s after attaining maximum stretch. There was a significant (~38%) increase in active stiffness in the cold muscle compared to normal. No significant difference (~15%) in stiffness was observed for the warm compared with the normal condition, and no significant difference (~20%) was found between warm and cold muscles. The findings suggest that there is an increased force per cross-bridge as temperature approaches normal physiological temperature, but decreases when temperature deviates from normal.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".