Spontaneous Reduction of Cupric Complex on Titanium Oxides in Acidic Sulfate–Chloride Media
Bibliographic record
Abstract
It is discovered in this work that Cu(II) can be spontaneously reduced on titanium oxides in a mixed sulfate-chloride solution at 85°C. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) suggests that after reaction, copper species exist in an oxidation state lower than 2+. Analysis using X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) shows that the reduced copper species could exist in the form of a CuTi alloy. Time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) revealed the depth profile of copper signals in the oxide films. ToF-SIMS results demonstrated that copper signals co-existed with titanium oxide signals in the anodized oxide films, and copper species can diffuse deeply into the porous films within 60 minutes of immersion. Further electrochemical and surface characterizations have confirmed that the presence of chloride ions is a crucial factor for the spontaneous reduction of Cu(II). This phenomenon reveals the role of Cu(II) in a mixed sulfate-chloride solution and its effect on titanium oxide films. It also provides an approach to incorporate a CuTi alloy into titanium oxide films.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".