The NOx and N2O Emission Characteristics of an HCCI Engine Operated With N-Heptane
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper presents the NOx and N2O emission characteristics of a Cooperative Fuel Research (CFR) engine modified to operate in Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) combustion mode using an air-assist port fuel injector. The single-cylinder engine was fuelled with n-heptane for these experiments. The parameters examined include intake air temperature and pressure, air/fuel ratio, compression ratio, and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) rate. The parameters were varied in order to change the combustion phasing from advanced (knocking) to retarded (incomplete combustion) conditions. NOx emissions were less than 5 ppm for a fairly wide range of combustion phases, except when knocking or incomplete combustion occurred, and were largely unaffected by the parameter varied when the combustion phase was within the acceptable range. It was also found that NOx emissions increased significantly when retarded and incomplete combustion was observed even though lower combustion temperatures were expected. The increased N2O and unburned hydrocarbon (THC) emissions usually observed with retarded combustion phasing, as well as the deteriorated combustion efficiency, may contribute to this unexpected increase in NOx emissions. It was also shown that N2O emissions were extremely low (less than 0.5 ppm) except when incomplete combustion was observed.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".