SUBCOOLED FLOW BOILING HEAT TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS OF R134A IN HORIZONTAL HELICALLY COILED TUBES
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Subcooled flow boiling heat transfer of R134a in helically coiled tubes was investigated experimentally. Experiments were carried out at pressure ranging from 412 to 653 kPa, inlet subcooled temperature from 5.0 to 11.0° C, heat flux from 0.11 to 15.4 kWm−2 and mass flux from 147 to 249 kg m−2s−1. The wall temperature distribution was analyzed. In the case of single-phase flows, the wall temperature distribution is attributed to the secondary flow and the velocity profile of the main flow. In the case of two-phase flows, the temperature distribution is explained based on the buoyance and drag forces acting on the bubble. An increase of the inlet subcooling leads, for early subcooled boiling, to an increase in the heat transfer coefficient. However, the pressure has an opposite function on heat flux at the onset of nucleate boiling (ONB) and heat transfer coefficient. Besides, raising the mass flux can cause a substantial increase in the heat flux at ONB, but the effect on the heat transfer coefficient was negligible. The correlations of heat flux at ONB and the subcooled boiling heat transfer coefficient in a horizontal, helically coiled tube were developed based on the experimental data.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".