Контекст социальных трансформаций в постсоветские годы:экономическая, институциональнаяи демографическая динамика
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Sergey Smirnov – Doctor in Economics, Head of the Centre Centre for Social Programs and Risk Analysis,Institute for Social Policy, Higher School of Economics. Address: 20 Myasnitskaya St., Moscow, 101000,Russian Federation. E-mail: socpol@hse.ruThis article looks back at the main transformations in Russia over the last quarter of a century. It is argued that they have radically changed the image of Russia as «primus inter pares» in the former USSR. Special attention is paid to several key factors which have brought about the new social structure: property relations, the labour market system, the demographic situation and consumer behaviour. All of the related processes and changes are traced using data from Federal State Statistics Service (Rosstat). Younger generations of Russians have difficulty understanding the peculiar features of the «economy of shortage», just as the generations which grew up during the Soviet era have difficulty understanding today’s «economy of surplus». Young people believe in the so-called free education and free medical care and social justice in the former USSR. This might explain why the former social and economic system is today being idealized not only by the elderly people, but by the younger generations as well. Moreover, such peculiar nostalgia is spreading because certain social groups (i.e. Soviet intellectuals, who expressed the most scepticism towards socialism, and associated groups are disappearing for demographic reasons, whereas several newly established social groups) (such as entrepreneurs, self-employed and free-lancers) were never even possible in the Soviet economy. The article concludes by evaluating the degree of stability of Russia’s new social structure. The recent events of 2014–2016 have demonstrated that a substantial number of Russians appear to be ready to change their perceptions again. The Soviet idea of state prevalence over private initiative which was once rejected in the 1990s is returning to Russians’ everyday life.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.006 | 0.010 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.009 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.007 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.027 | 0.030 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".