R. M. Douglas.<i>Orderly and Humane: The Expulsion of the Germans after the Second World War</i>.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In 1945, the Allies endorsed a campaign to expel over twelve million ethnic Germans from Eastern Europe. Since that time, most popular and scholarly works on the immediate postwar period have avoided serious engagement with the expulsions and the accompanying legal and human rights violations. R. M. Douglas’s goal in this book is to fill out the historical record with a detailed account of the expulsions, to foreground their ongoing ramifications, and to address the difficult, and at times controversial, aspects that arise along the way. Douglas does a thorough job of situating the expulsions in the broader ethnic clashes of the long twentieth century—focusing particularly on the conflicts between Germans and their Polish and Czech neighbors—but asserts that “it is a long way from there to conclude that the expulsion of the Germans was inevitable, necessary, or justified” (5). It is not difficult to comprehend the animosity that Eastern Europeans had developed toward the Germans during the war, and the accompanying belief that the postwar ill-treatment of all Germans was a natural consequence of their wartime actions. However, Douglas offers concurrent alternatives to these prevailing sentiments, seen in the dissident ideas of anti-Nazi German Wenzel Jaksch, who proposed fusing the Sudetenland to the postwar German democratic state, and in people who argued against the collective guilt charge and underscored the hypocrisy of using Nazi methods in the expulsion of ethnic Germans (e.g., Bertrand Russell, Anne O’Hare McCormick, David Harris, and Victor Gollancz, who founded “Save Europe Now,” a scheme proposing that Britons reduce their daily caloric intake in order to feed German expellees).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.005 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".