Germanene-like defects in amorphous germanium revealed by three-dimensional visualization of high-resolution pair-distribution functions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The structural description of even the most basic monatomic amorphous materials is under considerable debate. In this work, an intuitive computational technique has been developed to construct three-dimensional statistical density maps to directly visualize local atomic structure of amorphous germanium (a-Ge), enabling the interpretation of recent state-of-the-art experiments and simulations. The continuous random network (CRN) model is compared to our experimental model refined through a Reverse Monte Carlo routine. In this refinement a-Ge has two dominant structures: a fourfold coordinated tetrahedron and a buckled threefold coordinated local structure similar to silicene and germanene. These structures account for 95.7% of the total atoms in a 5:2 ratio respectively. Our method shows well defined structural ordering in the second shell of a-Ge. This novel visualization tool enables the interpretation of complex disordered materials and reveals the bimodal structures of a-Ge.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".