Consequences of maternal omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation on respiratory function in rat pups
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Key points Incomplete development of the neural circuits that control breathing contributes to respiratory disorders in pre‐term infants. Manifestations include respiratory instability, prolonged apnoeas and poor ventilatory responses to stimuli. Based on evidence suggesting that omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n‐3 PUFA) improves brain development, we determined whethern‐3 PUFA supplementation (via the maternal diet) improves respiratory function in 10–11‐day‐old rat pups. n‐3 PUFA treatment prolonged apnoea duration but augmented the relative pulmonary surface area and the ventilatory response to hypoxia. During hypoxia, the drop in body temperature measured in treated pups was 1 °C less than in controls.n‐3 PUFA treatment also reduced microglia cell density in the brainstem. Although heterogeneous, the results obtained in rat pups constitute a proof of concept thatn‐3 PUFA supplementation can have positive effects on neonatal respiration. This includes a more sustained hypoxic ventilatory response and a decreased respiratory inhibition during laryngeal chemoreflex. Abstract Most pre‐term infants present respiratory instabilities and apnoeas as a result of incomplete development of the neural circuits that control breathing. Because omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n‐3 PUFA) benefit brain development, we hypothesized thatn‐3 PUFA supplementation (via the maternal diet) improves respiratory function in rat pups. Pups receivedn‐3 PUFA supplementation from an enriched diet (13 g kg−1ofn‐3 PUFA) administered to the mother from birth until the experiments were performed (postnatal days 10–11). Controls received a standard diet (0.3 g kg−1ofn‐3 PUFA). Breathing was measured in intact pups at rest and during hypoxia (FiO2 = 0.12; 20 min) using whole body plethysmography. The duration of apnoeas induced by stimulating the laryngeal chemoreflex (LCR) was measured under anaesthesia. Lung morphology was compared between groups. Maternaln‐3 PUFA supplementation effectively raisedn‐3 PUFA levels above control levels both in the blood and brainstem of pups. In intact, resting pups,n‐3 PUFA increased the frequency and duration of apnoeas, especially in females. During hypoxia,n‐3 PUFA supplemented pups hyperventilated 23% more than controls; their anapyrexic response was 1 °C less than controls. In anaesthetized pups,n‐3 PUFA shortened the duration of LCR‐induced apnoeas by 32%. The relative pulmonary surface area ofn‐3 PUFA supplemented pups was 12% higher than controls. Althoughn‐3 PUFA supplementation augments apnoeas, there is no clear evidence of deleterious consequences on these pups. Based on the improved lung architecture and responses to respiratory challenges, this neonatal treatment appears to be beneficial to the offspring. However, further experiments are necessary to establish its overall safety.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".