Activation of galanin and cholecystokinin receptors in the lumbosacral spinal cord is required for ejaculation in male rats
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The spinal ejaculation generator is comprised of lumbar spinothalamic (LSt) cells and their axonal projections to autonomic and motor neurons in the lumbosacral spinal cord. LSt cells regulate ejaculatory reflexes by release of neuropeptides that are co‐expressed in their axons, as previously demonstrated for gastrin‐releasing peptide and enkephalin. Here, the role of two other neuropeptides co‐expressed in LSt cells for ejaculatory reflexes is demonstrated: galanin and cholecystokinin (CCK). Adult male rats were anesthetized, spinalized, and received intrathecal infusions of galanin receptor antagonist Galantide (1 or 10 nmol) or CCK receptor antagonist proglumide (71 or 714 nmol). The dorsal penile nerve (DPN) was electrically stimulated to trigger ejaculatory reflexes and seminal vesicle pressure (SVP) and rhythmic contractions of the bulbocavernosus muscle (BCM) were analyzed as parameters of emission and expulsion respectively. Treatment with galanin or CCK antagonists significantly reduced SVP increases and BCM bursting, demonstrating that galanin and CCK are required for ejaculation. Next, anesthetized, spinalized males received intrathecal infusions of galanin (0.15 or 0.3 nmol) or CCK(26–33) (4.35 nmol) and effects on subthreshold DPN stimulations were determined. Intrathecal infusions of galanin or CCK facilitated ejaculatory reflexes induced by subthreshold DPN stimulation in all animals, but did not trigger ejaculatory reflexes in the absence of DPN stimulation. Together, these results demonstrate that galanin and CCK both act in the spinal ejaculation generator to regulate ejaculation. However, effects of galanin and CCK were dependent on DPN stimulation, suggesting that these neuropeptides may act in concert with other LSt co‐expressed neuropeptides.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".