Altered distribution of adrenergic constrictor responses contributes to skeletal muscle perfusion abnormalities in metabolic syndrome
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Purpose Although studies suggest elevated adrenergic activity paralleling metabolic syndrome in OZRs, the moderate hypertension and modest impact on organ perfusion question the multi‐scale validity of these data. Methods To understand how adrenergic function contributes to vascular reactivity in OZR, we utilized a multi‐scale approach to investigate pressure responses, skeletal muscle blood flow, and vascular reactivity following adrenergic challenge. Results For OZR, adrenergic challenge resulted in increased pressor responses vs LZRs, mediated via α1 receptors, with minimal contribution by either ROS or NO bioavailability. In situ gastrocnemius muscle of OZR exhibited blunted functional hyperemia, partially restored with α1 inhibition, although improved muscle performance and VO2 required combined treatment with TEMPOL. Within OZR in situ cremaster muscle, proximal arterioles exhibited a more heterogeneous constriction to adrenergic challenge, biased toward hyperresponsiveness, vs LZR. This increasingly heterogeneous pattern was mirrored in ex vivo arterioles, mediated via α1 receptors, with roles for ROS and NO bioavailability evident in hyperresponsive vessels only. Conclusions These results support the central role of the α1 adrenoreceptor for augmented pressor responses and elevations in vascular resistance, but identify an increased heterogeneity of constrictor reactivity in OZR that is presently of unclear purpose.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".