Bibliographic record
Abstract
A sugar is a polyalcohol with at least one of them oxidized to either an aldehyde or a ketone. As a result, aldoses and ketoses are distinguished. The most simple sugar is glycerinaldehyde with a chain length of 3 carbons. Elongation of the chain leads from trioses to tetroses, pentoses, hexoses, heptoses, octoses, nonoses. Monosaccharides such as glucose, fructose, galactose, either alone or in combination with proteins or lipids, can build branched or unbranched carbohydrate chains of tremendous diversity. Carbon 5 sugars such as ribose and desoxyribose are ingredients for the RNA and DNA backbone structure. C6 sugars such as glucose, fructose, or galactose are key substrates for energy production, and for anabolic biosynthesis of structural elements such as cell walls. Their “fingerprint” is specific for cell lines and serves for instance as analyte to determine blood groups. Linkage to proteins and lipids mediates interactions among cells. Raw sugar is extracted from various plants such as sugar cane or sugar beet. Refining is the following process to remove the molasses. Cristallization yields the white sugar. Eating carbohydrates in turn will hydrolyse glycosidic bonds as far as physiological enzymes are available in human metabolism. The degree of hydroysis is also dependent on processing of meals. Risotto for example is slowly hydrolysed during the cooking process and the profile of carbohydrate fragments and free glucose depends on this procedure. Glucose liberated from various carbohydrates leads to different degrees of biologically availability, which is expressed as the glycemic index. Keywords: Biochemistry, Glycemic Index, Monosaccharides, Polysaccharides, Sugars
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.020 | 0.018 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".