Detection of Electrochemical Reaction Products from the Sodium–Oxygen Cell with Solid-State <sup>23</sup>Na NMR Spectroscopy
Bibliographic record
Abstract
23 Na MAS NMR spectra of sodium–oxygen (Na–O 2 ) cathodes reveals a combination of degradation species: newly observed sodium fluoride (NaF) and the expected sodium carbonate (Na 2 CO 3 ), as well as the desired reaction product sodium peroxide (Na 2 O 2 ). The initial reaction product, sodium superoxide (NaO 2 ), is not present in a measurable quantity in the 23 Na NMR spectra of the cycled electrodes. The reactivity of solid NaO 2 is probed further, and NaF is found to be formed through a reaction between the electrochemically generated NaO 2 and the electrode binder, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF). The instability of cell components in the presence of desired electrochemical reaction products is clearly problematic and bears further investigation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".