Fracture of explosively compacted aluminum particles in a cylinder
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The explosive compaction, fracture and dispersal of aluminum particles contained within a cylinder were investigated experimentally and computationally. The aluminum particles surrounded a central, cylindrical high explosive burster charge and were weakly confined in a cardboard tube. The compaction and fracture of the particles were visualized with flash radiography and the subsequent fragment dispersal was recorded with high-speed photography. The aluminum fragments produced were much larger than the original aluminum particles and similar in shape to those generated from the explosive fracture of a solid ductile metal cylinder, suggesting that the shock transmitted into the aluminum compacted the powder to near solid density. The presence of a casing on the burster explosive had little influence on the fragmentation behavior. The effect of an air gap between the burster and the aluminum particles was also investigated. The expansion and fracture of the aluminum were compared with the predictions of a multi-material hydrocode which indicated that the first appearance of cracks through the compacted aluminum layer occurred approximately when the release wave reached the inner surface of the compacted powder.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".