A novel technique for the precise measurement of CO2 production rate in small aquatic organisms as validated on Aeshnid dragonfly nymphs
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The present study describes and validates a novel yet simple system for simultaneous in vivo measurements of aquatic CO2 production (MCO2) and oxygen consumption (MO2) rates, thus allowing the calculation of respiratory exchange ratios (RER). Diffusion of CO2 from the aquatic phase into a gas phase, across a hollow fibre membrane, enabled aquatic MCO2 measurements with a high-precision infrared gas CO2 analyser. MO2 was measured with a PO2 optode using a stop-flow approach. Injections of known amounts of CO2 into the apparatus yielded accurate and highly reproducible measurements of CO2 content (R2=0.997, p<0.001). The viability of in vivo measurements was demonstrated on aquatic dragonfly nymphs (Aeshnidae; wet mass 2.17 mg - 1.46 g, n=15) and the apparatus produced precise MCO2 (R2=0.967, p<0.001) and MO2 (R2=0.957, p<0.001); average RER was 0.73±0.06. The described system is scalable, offering great potential for the study of a wide range of aquatic species, including fish.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".