Transverse and Oblique Long Bone Fracture Evaluation by Low Order Ultrasonic Guided Waves: A Simulation Study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Ultrasonic guided waves have recently been used in fracture evaluation and fracture healing monitoring. An axial transmission technique has been used to quantify the impact of the gap breakage width and fracture angle on the amplitudes of low order guided wave modes<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M1"><mml:mi>S</mml:mi><mml:mn fontstyle="italic">0</mml:mn></mml:math>and<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M2"><mml:mi>A</mml:mi><mml:mn fontstyle="italic">0</mml:mn></mml:math>under a 100 kHz narrowband excitation. In our two dimensional finite-difference time-domain (2D-FDTD) simulation, the long bones are modeled as three layers with a soft tissue overlay and marrow underlay. The simulations of the transversely and obliquely fractured long bones show that the amplitudes of both<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M3"><mml:mi>S</mml:mi><mml:mn fontstyle="italic">0</mml:mn></mml:math>and<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M4"><mml:mi>A</mml:mi><mml:mn fontstyle="italic">0</mml:mn></mml:math>decrease as the gap breakage widens. Fixing the crack width, the increase of the fracture angle relative to the cross section perpendicular to the long axis enhances the amplitude of<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M5"><mml:mi>A</mml:mi><mml:mn fontstyle="italic">0</mml:mn></mml:math>, while the amplitude of<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M6"><mml:mi>S</mml:mi><mml:mn fontstyle="italic">0</mml:mn></mml:math>shows a nonmonotonic trend with the decrease of the fracture angle. The amplitude ratio between the<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M7"><mml:mi>S</mml:mi><mml:mn fontstyle="italic">0</mml:mn></mml:math>and<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M8"><mml:mi>A</mml:mi><mml:mn fontstyle="italic">0</mml:mn></mml:math>modes is used to quantitatively evaluate the fracture width and angles. The study suggests that the low order guided wave modes<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M9"><mml:mi>S</mml:mi><mml:mn fontstyle="italic">0</mml:mn></mml:math>and<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M10"><mml:mi>A</mml:mi><mml:mn fontstyle="italic">0</mml:mn></mml:math>have potentials for transverse and oblique bone fracture evaluation and fracture healing monitoring.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".