Lateral spreading near deep foundations and influence of soil permeability
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A three-dimensional finite element (FE) model is calibrated based on a large-scale (1g) shake-table experiment. In this experiment, single piles were subjected to liquefaction-induced lateral spreading. The testing configuration, experimental results, and FE framework are presented and discussed. The presence of piles in this fully saturated ground model caused a significant reduction in the extent of accumulated lateral soil deformation. In this regard, high shear strains, additional to those in the free field, occur as the soil moves around the piles in the downslope direction. The associated shear-induced tendency for dilation increases the effective confinement, and reduces the resulting downslope deformations. As such, an FE parametric study is undertaken to investigate the effect of soil permeability on this observed liquefaction-induced lateral response. As the prescribed soil permeability increased (in the silt–sand range), higher levels of ground lateral deformation occured, albeit with a lower pile head displacement and lateral load. Eventually, high permeability (in the gravels range) precluded the accumulation of significant excess pore pressure, with low levels of both soil and pile lateral displacement. On this basis, permeability is highlighted as a critical potentially primary parameter in dictating the effects of liquefaction-induced lateral load on embedded foundation systems.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".