Abstract 311: Differences in Resting Heart Rate among Trained Collegiate Athletes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: While the incidence of sudden death in athletes is low, a number of clinically unsuspected cardiovascular diseases have been linked to sudden death in young well-trained athletes. Athlete-specific ECG criteria have been proposed to facilitate identification of athletes at risk via pre-participation screening; however, normal values for resting heart rate in this population have not been previously described. We sought to determine normative values across various subsets of competitive athletes and to ascertain any differences evident by gender, race and ECG abnormality. Methods: 1,540 competitive collegiate athletes at a single university underwent prospective collection of medical history, physical examination, 12-lead electrocardiography, and 2-dimensional echocardiography. Each athlete was resting 3 minutes prior to ECG being performed. ECGs were classified as normal or abnormal according to previously published criteria. Resting heart rate was not a criterion for an abnormal ECG. Resting heart rate difference between genders and sports was done using t-test. ANOVA with follow up t-test was used for difference in resting heart rate between races. Results: In 740 consecutively screened male collegiate athletes, resting heart rate was 62.6 (±11) beats per minute (bpm) (min 38 - max 109) versus 800 female athletes with a resting heart rate of 64.5 (±12) bpm (min 35 - max 110). This difference was statistically significant (p= <.001). It was noted that as age increased by 1 year, heart rate on average dropped by 0.7 bpm (mean age was 19.3 ±1.3). Heart rate was on average 2.4 bpm higher in white (n= 1113) than black (n= 302) athletes (64.1 vs. 61.8, p= <.0001). Heart rate was on average 5.5 bpm lower in those who participated in track/cross country vs. other sports (58.2 vs. 63.7, p= <.001). Conclusion: Among competitive collegiate athletes, there is a small but statistically significant difference in resting heart rate with slower rates in men and blacks as compared with women and white athletes. Further work needs to be done to elucidate the potential physiologic determinants of these differences and whether they relate to relative risk of incidence of cardiovascular disease.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".