Hemicellulose-Based Absorbent Toward Dye: Adsorption Equilibrium and Kinetics Studies
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Exploitation of biomaterials derived from renewable resources as absorbents for the removal of dyes from industrial effluents is of great importance. In this work, the efficiency of the hemicellulose-based absorbent for the adsorption of methylene blue dyes was systematically examined. It was found that the hemicellulose-based absorbent removed the dyes from aqueous solution very effectively. The study on the kinetics of methylene blue onto hemicellulose-based absorbent showed that experimental data followed a pseudo-second-order model, suggesting that the adsorption process was controlled by chemical-sorption. The equilibrium data was also fitted to the two isotherm models, Langmuir and Freundlich ones; and it was found that Langmuir model presented the best fit, showing the maximum adsorption capacity of 39.22 mg/g at 25 °C. The thermodynamic parameters, including the standard enthalpy, entropy and free energy obtained from this work, indicated that the adsorption of methylene blue onto hemicellulose based absorbent is an endothermic and spontaneous process. Overall, the adsorption process of methylene blue to hemicellulose-based absorbent is a combination of chemical-sorption and physical-sorption.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".