Natural Killer Cells Activated By Oncolytic Reovirus Enhance Cetuximab Mediated Antibody Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity in an in Vitro and In Vivo Model of Colorectal Cancer
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The naturally occurring oncolytic virus, reovirus, exhibits cytotoxic effects on cancer cells. Reovirus is currently being tested in multiple clinical trials for the treatment of different cancers. In addition, they also activate the innate and adaptive immune responses targeting immune cells like dendritic cells and macrophages. In this study we investigated the direct effect of reovirus on Natural Killer cells (NK cells) and its effect on NK cell mediated antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) against the EGFR (Epidermal Growth Factor) positive colorectal cancer cell line: DLD-1 (KRAS mutant). NK cells isolated from human PBMCs were cultured with 1pfu of reovirus for 12 hrs and subsequently co-cultured with DLD-1 cells coated with increasing concentrations anti-EGFR antibody cetuximab. ADCC was measured after 4 hrs using a lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) based cytotoxicity assay. We observed that the reovirus treated NK cells (Reo-NK cells) exhibited a ~16-fold increase in cytotoxicity against DLD-1 (16.3% ±1.5, n=3) compared to untreated NK cells (NK), even in the absence of any cetuximab. In the presence of cetuximab, NK cells showed a dose dependent increase in ADCC, with maximum ADCC, observed at 0.1 µg/ml of cetuximab (DLD-1+NK: 33.4%± 7.1, n=3). Interestingly, Reo-NK cells showed maximum ADCC even at 0.01 µg /ml of cetuximab (DLD-1+Reo-NK: 39.1±7.4, DLD-1+NK: 26.7±2.4%, n=3). Reo-NK cells also exhibited an increased expression of activation marker CD69 (Reo-NK: 70.4%, NK: 35.2%) and degranulation maker CD107a (Reo-NK: 14.6%; NK: 4.45%) compared to the untreated NK cells. We further characterized the Reo-NK cells by using the HIMChip microarray platform; a custom Agilent SurePrint HD 8x15k format array containing over 7,000 unique probes for over 4,274 human immune-related genes. In ingenuity pathway analysis, we observed that the Interferon pathway (2.13E-20) and pathway controlling activation of IRF by cytosolic pattern recognition receptors (1.27E-11) were the predominant pathways observed in the Reo-NK cells. These results suggest an interferon-mediated response could be contributing to the increased cytoxicity of the NK cells. In an in vivo study, DLD-1 cells were grown subcutaneously in athymic nude mice and injected intravenously with reovirus (5x 108 pfu), followed by intraperitoneal injection of Cetuximab (200 ug/mice) every week. We observed a significant regression of tumors in the Reovirus+Cetuximab combination group compared to the Reovirus treated (Reovirus+Cet: 349.9 mm3, Reovirus: 623.8 mm3; n=9; P=0.0028) or Cetuximab treated (Reovirus+Cet: 349.9 mm3, Cet: 730.5 mm3;n=9; P= 0.030) groups on day 28 post treatment. Thus, in this study our results demonstrated that human NK cells when treated with reovirus show increases in activation, degranulation and cytotoxicity when compared to untreated NK cells. Further, in the in vivo model we observed increased tumor regression in mice treated with reovirus in combination with cetuximab. We propose that reovirus activated NK cells are a potential candidate for cell based immunotherapy in combination with FDA approved tumor targeting antibodies to treat malignancies, including lymphomas. Further studies are ongoing to investigate the underlying mechanisms that contribute to the increase in cytotoxicity by NK cells treated with reovirus. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".