Electrospinning of Ethyl Cellulose - Poly(ethylene oxide) and Cellulose Acetate - Poly(ethylene oxide) Nonwovens for the Encapsulation and Release of Thymol and Carvacrol
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Thymol and carvacrol are naturally-occurring antimicrobial agents in herb essential oils. This study investigated the encapsulation of thymol and carvacrol using electrospun ethyl cellulose-poly(ethylene oxide) (EC-PEO) and cellulose acetate-poly(ethylene oxide) (CA-PEO) nonwovens, respectively. EC-PEO nonwovens were electrospun from dopes prepared in 80% (v/v) aqueous ethanol solution, and CA-PEO nonwovens were electrospun from acetic acid:acetone blend solvents (1:0, 3:1, and 1:1 weight ratios), respectively. The solution properties of the spin dopes were evaluated, including surface tension, electrical conductivity, viscosity, as well as solvent vapor pressure and dielectric constant. Moreover, polymer-polymer, polymer-solvent, polymer-antimicrobial and solvent-antimicrobial compatibilities were explained using Hansen solubility parameters. Antimicrobial-incorporated electrospun nonwovens were further analyzed using attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy to elucidate how thymol and carvacrol interact with the polymers. The encapsulation efficiency (EE) of antimicrobial agents decreased as their loading in the spin dope increased. On the other hand, increasing PEO molecular weight increased the EE values. For the encapsulation of carvacrol in CA-PEO nonwovens, increasing acetic acid ratio in the binary solvent resulted in an increase in carvacol EE. Both EC-PEO and CA-PEO electrospun nonwovens exhibited humidity-dependent release behavior; as the relative humidity increased from 33 to 93%, the release rates and equilibrium concentrations for thymol and carvacrol increased considerably. The thymol-loaded EC-PEO and cavacrol-loaded CA-PEO nonwovens potentially can be useful as substrates for antimicrobial applications, such as in active packaging for the extension of food shelf life.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".