Maternal Mortality: A Priority Issue In Reproductive Health
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Maternal mortality is best defined as death of women during pregnancy or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy from a cause related to or aggravated by pregnancy or its management but not from accidental or incidental cause. Pregnancy is not a disease and pregnancy related morbidity and mortality are preventable. Despite that, more than half a million maternal deaths are reported worldwide each year, with vast majority of these deaths occurring in developing countries. 1 In Western hemisphere of world, maternal mortality ratio (MMR) remained disturbingly high form late nineteenth century till the mid 1930’s and then began to fall rapidly. A comparison of MMRs between 1870 and 1950 in certain European countries, especially Great Britain, Australia, New Zealand and the USA, suggests that between 1870 and 1935, it was usually considered safe to be delivered at home by a welltrained midwife rather than by a doctor in a hospital but it was no safer to be rich rather than poor. 2 Canadian regional MMRs were also persistently high until 1939, then showed a declining trend. 3 Advances in obstetrics have contributed in declining these trends but compositional influences were also important. Favourable changes in mother’s age-parity distributions contributed upto 24% drop in MMRs between 19391960 and 1965-1969. Due to their continued efforts, now MMR from developed world is reported from zero to a maximum of 13/100,000 live births (LB). 4 In developed countries, MMR is now a forgotten chapter in the medical history mainly due to their high socioeconomic conditions, better education and advanced obstetric care. While in developing countries, situation in this regard is vice versa. Research reports reveal that majority of maternal deaths are preventable and maternal health depends strongly upon quality of health care, and maternal mortality acts as a litmus test of women, of their access to health care and response of health care to their needs. South Asian developing countries Pakistan, India and Bangladesh have major share in maternal deaths worldwide. These countries account for about 28% of total births and 46% of maternal deaths in the world. Latest available data from India and Bangladesh show that MMRs in these countries have significantly declined during last few years. 5-7 In rural India, MMR upto 260/100,000 LB has been reported. 6
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.006 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".