Vasculitis Around the World: Epidemiologic Insights into Causality and a Need for Global Partnerships
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Vasculitis is a family of rare diseases characterized by inflammation of blood vessels. Causal factors for most forms of vasculitis have not been identified. Certain forms of vasculitis are more prevalent in specific parts of the world, and clinical features of a particular type of vasculitis can vary by region. Observed geographic differences in incidence and prevalence of various forms of vasculitis and corresponding phenotypic diversities in different parts of the world suggest that epidemiological studies may generate important insights that can be leveraged to identify the causes of vasculitis. Geographic differences in incidence rates have been observed in the major forms of small and large vessel vasculitis (Figure 1). Takayasu arteritis (TA), a prototypical form of large vessel vasculitis (LVV), is more common in Japan compared to the United States and Europe. In contrast, giant cell arteritis (GCA), the other major form of LVV, is relatively uncommon in Japan compared to Europe and North America1. Incidence of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)–associated vasculitis (AAV), the prototypical form of small vessel vasculitis, also differs between Asian and Western countries. Of the 2 major forms of AAV, a higher incidence of granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) has been reported in Europe and the United States compared to Japan, and a higher incidence of microscopic polyangiitis (MPA) has been reported in Japan and China compared to the United Kingdom and the United States2. Figure 1. Annual incidence of different forms of vasculitis in the United States, Europe, and Japan (per million population). A higher incidence of giant cell arteritis and granulomatosis with polyangiitis has been reported in northern regions of the world. Data are lacking from Africa, South America, and many parts of Asia. Beyond differences in incidence rates, regional differences in clinical features within a specific form of vasculitis have been … Address correspondence to Dr. P.C. Grayson, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, 6N Rm 216G, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA. E-mail: peter.grayson{at}nih.gov
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.010 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.006 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.010 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.008 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".